Fertility and Sterility
Volume 75, Issue 2 , Pages 288-296 , February 2001

Endometrial bleeding in hormone replacement therapy users: preliminary findings regarding the role of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs

  • Martha Hickey, M.D. (abc)

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at St. Mary’s, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, England, United Kingdom
    • Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Queen Charlotte’s and Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, England, United Kingdom
    • Sydney Centre for Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Sydney, Australia
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Martha Hickey, M.D., Clinical Lecturer/Senior Registrar in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, ICSM at St. Mary’s Hospital, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG (FAX: +44 0207 886 6054 )
    • ,
  • Jenny Higham, M.D. (ab)

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at St. Mary’s, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, England, United Kingdom
    • Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Queen Charlotte’s and Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, England, United Kingdom
    • Sydney Centre for Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Sydney, Australia
    • ,
  • Mark Sullivan, Ph.D. (ab)

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at St. Mary’s, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, England, United Kingdom
    • Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Queen Charlotte’s and Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, England, United Kingdom
    • Sydney Centre for Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Sydney, Australia
    • ,
  • Lyn Miles (B.Sc.a,b)

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at St. Mary’s, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, England, United Kingdom
    • Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Queen Charlotte’s and Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, England, United Kingdom
    • Sydney Centre for Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Sydney, Australia
    • ,
  • Ian S Fraser (M.D.abc)

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at St. Mary’s, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, England, United Kingdom
    • Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Queen Charlotte’s and Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, England, United Kingdom
    • Sydney Centre for Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Sydney, Australia

Received 12 October 1999 ,Revised 9 August 2000 ,Accepted 9 August 2000.

References 

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  2. Limouzin-Lamothe MA. What women want from hormone replacement therapy (results of an international survey). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1996;64:S21–S24
  3. Ettinger B, Li DK, Klein R. Unexpected vaginal bleeding and associated gynecologic care in postmenopausal women using hormone replacement therapy (comparison of cyclic versus continuous combined schedules). Fertil Steril. 1998;69:865–869
  4. Newton KM, LaCroix AZ, Leveille SG, Rutter C, Keenan NL, Anderson LA. Women’s beliefs and decisions about hormone replacement therapy. J Woman’s Health. 1997;6:459–465
  5. Fraser IS. A review of the role of progestogens in hormone replacement therapy (influence on bleeding patterns). Maturitas. 1986;8:113–121
  6. Hampton AL, Salamonsen LA. Expression of messenger ribonucleic acid encoding matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors is related to menstruation. J Endocrinol. 1994;141:R1–R3
  7. Korkorine I, Marbaix E, Henriet P, Okada Y, Donnez J, Eeckhout Y, et al.  Focal cellular origin and regulation of interstitial collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase-1) are related to menstrual breakdown in the human endometrium. J Cell Sci. 1996;109:2151–2160
  8. Marbaix E, Korkorine I, Moulin P, Donnez J, Eeckhout Y, Courtoy PJ. Menstrual breakdown on human endometrium can be mimicked in vitro and is selectively and reversibly blocked by inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996;93:9120–9125
  9. Jezioska M, Nagase H, Salamonsen LA, Woolley DE. Immunolocalisation of the matrix metalloproteinases gelatinase B and stromolysin 1 in human endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle. J Reprod Fertil. 1996;107:43–51
  10. Hulboy DL, Rudolph AL, Matrisian LM. Matrix metalloproteinases as mediators of reproductive function. Mol Human Reprod. 1997;3:27–45
  11. Marbaix E, Donnez J, Courtoy PJ, Eeckhout Y. Progesterone regulates the activity of collagenase and related gelatinases A and B in human endometrial explants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992;89:11789–11793
  12. Salamonsen LA, Butt AR, Hammond FR, Garcia S, Zhang J. Production of endometrial matrix metalloproteinases, but not their tissue inhibitors, is modulated by progesterone withdrawal in an in vitro model for menstruation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:1409–1415
  13. Rodgers WH, Osteen KG, Matrisian LM, Nayre M, Giudice LC, Gorstein P. Expression and localization of matrilysin, a matrix metalloproteinase, in human endometrium during the reproductive cycle. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;168:253–260
  14. Hickey M, Simbar M, Markham R, Russell P, Young L, Fraser IS. Changes in endothelial cell basement membrane in Norplant users. Hum Reprod. 1999;14:716–721
  15. Salamonsen LA, Woolley DE. Matrix metalloproteinases in normal menstruation. Hum Reprod. 1996;11(S2):124–133
  16. Lockwood CJ, Krikun G, Hausknecht VA, Papp C, Schatz F. Matrix metalloproteinase and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor expression in endometrial stromal cells during progestin-initiated decidualization and menstruation-related progestin withdrawal. Endocrinology. 1998;139:4607–4613
  17. Schatz F, Krikun G, Runic R, Wang EY, Hausknecht V, Lockwood C. Impications of decidualized-associated protease expression in implantation and menstruation. Semin Reprod Endocrinol. 1999;17:3–12
  18. Fraser IS, Hickey M, Song JY. Mechanisms of menstrual bleeding (dysfunctional uterine bleeding and break-through bleeding). Hum Reprod. 1996;11:165–178
  19. Hickey M, Fraser IS, Dwarte D, Graham S. The endometrial vasculature in Norplant users (preliminary results from an hysteroscopic study). Hum Reprod. 1996;11(S2):35–44
  20. Hickey M, Dwarte D, Fraser IS. Superficial endometrial vascular fragility in Norplant users and in women with ovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Hum Reprod. 2000;15:1509–1514
  21. Critchley HOD, Wang H, Kelly RW, Gebbie AE, Glasier AF. Progestin receptor isoforms and prostaglandin dehydrogenase in the endometrium of women using a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Hum Reprod. 1998;13:1210–1217
  22. Vincent AJ, Malakooti N, Zhang J, Rogers PA, Affandi B, Salamonsen L. Endometrial breakdown in women using Norplant is associated with migratory cells expressing matrix metalloproteinase-9 (gelatinase B). Hum Reprod. 1999;14:807–815
  23. Skinner JL, Riley SC, Gebbie AE, Glasier AF, Critchley HO. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in endometrium during the menstrual cycle and following administration of intrauterine levonorgestrel. Hum Reprod. 1999;14:793–799
  24. Thomas AM, Hickey M, Fraser IS. Disturbances of bleeding with hormone replacement therapy. Hum Reprod. 2000;15(suppl3):7–17

PII: S0015-0282(00)01690-3

Fertility and Sterility
Volume 75, Issue 2 , Pages 288-296 , February 2001

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