Fertility and Sterility
Volume 79, Issue 2 , Pages 249-252 , February 2003

Modern obstetrical and infertility care may increase the prevalence of disease: an evolutionary concept

  • Norbert Gleicher, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Center for Human Reproduction, New York, New York,USA
    • Center for Human Reproduction, Chicago, Illinois, USA
    • Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Norbert Gleicher, M.D., Center for Human Reproduction, 60 East Delaware Place, Suite 1400, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA (FAX: 312-397-8396).

Received 23 July 2002 ,Accepted 12 September 2002.

References 

  1. Cooper DS, DeAngelis CD. Diabetes mellitus—a call for papers. JAMA. 2001;786:968–969
  2. Olefsky JM. Prospects for research in diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 2000;785:628–632
  3. Aubert RE, Ballard DJ, Bennett PH, Barrett-Connor E, Geiss LS, Kenny SJ. Prevalence and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes in America. 2nd ed. Collingdale, PA: Diane Publishing Company, 1996:47–62
  4. Dabelea D, Hanson RL, Bennet PH, Romain J, Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ. Increasing prevalence of type II diabetes in American Indian children. Diabetologia. 1998;41:904–910
  5. Adler J, Kalb C. An American epidemic: diabetes. Newsweek 2000;September 4:40–7
  6. The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus, the American Diabetes Association: Alexandria, Virginia. Diabetes Care 1998;21(Suppl 1):s5–19
  7. American Diabetes Association. Screening for Type 2 diabetes idem. s20–2
  8. Newman B, Selby JV, Slemenda C, Fabsitz R, Friedman GD. Concordance for type 2 (non–insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus in male twins. Diabetologia. 1987;30:763–768
  9. Barnett AH, Eff C, Leslie RDG, Pyke DA. Diabetes in identical twins. Diabetologia. 1981;20:87–93
  10. Warram JH, Krolewski AS, Gottlieb MS, Kahn CR. Differences in risk of insulin–dependent diabetes in offspring of diabetic mothers and diabetic fathers. N Engl J Med. 1984;311:149–152
  11. Vadheim CM, Rotter JI, MacLaren NK, Riley WJ, Anderson CE. Preferential transmission of diabetic alleles within the HLA gene complex. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:1314–1318
  12. Kjaer K, Hagen C, Sahda SH, Eshoj O. Infertility and pregnancy outcome in an unselected group of women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;166:1412–1418
  13. Skipper D. Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy. A clinical and analytical study. Q J Med. 1933;7:353–380
  14. Bergquist N. The gonadal function in female diabetes. Acta Endocrinol. 1954;19(Suppl 19):1–20
  15. Hare JW, White P. Pregnancy in diabetes complicated by vascular disease. Diabetes. 1977;26:953–955
  16. American Diabetes Association . Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(Suppl):s23–31
  17. Cousins L. The California Diabetes and Pregnancy Program (a statewide collaborative program for the preconception and prenatal care for diabetic women). Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1991;5:443–460
  18. Miodovnik M, Mimouni F, Siddiqi TI, Tsang RC. Periconceptional metabolic status and risk for spontaneous abortion in insulin-dependent diabetic pregnancies. Am J Perinatol. 1988;5:368–373
  19. Greene MF. Prevention and diagnosis of congenital anomalies in diabetic pregnancy. Clin Perinatol. 1993;20:533–547
  20. Coustan DR, Berkowitz RL, Hobbins JC. Tight metabolic control of overt diabetes in pregnancy. Am J Med. 1980;68:845–852
  21. Mokdad AH, Serdula MD, Dietz H, Bowman BA, Marks JS, Koplan JB. The spread of the obesity epidemic in the United States 1991–1998. JAMA. 1999;282:1519–1522
  22. Must A, Spadano J, Coakley EH, Field AE, Colditz G, Dietz WH. The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity. JAMA. 1999;282:1523–1529
  23. McKinlay J, Marceau L. US public health and the 21st century (diabetes mellitus). Lancet. 2000;356:757–761
  24. Franks S. Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:853–861
  25. Dunaif A, Segal KR, Futtenweit W, Dobrjansky A. Profound peripheral insulin resistance, independent of obesity, in polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes. 1989;38:1165–1174
  26. Shoham Z, Patel A, Jacobs HS. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (safety and effectiveness of stepwise and low-dose administration of purified follicle stimulating hormone). Fertil Steril. 1991;55:1051–1056
  27. Ehrmann DA, Sturis J, Byrne MM, Karrison T, Rosenfield RL, Polonsky KS. Insulin secretory defects in a polycystic ovary syndrome (relationship to insulin sensitivity and family history of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus). J Clin Invest. 1995;96:520–527
  28. Perloff JK. Congenital heart disease. In: Gleicher N, ed. Principles and practice of medical therapy in pregnancy. 2nd ed. Appleton & Lange, 1985:788–94
  29. Elkayam U, Gleicher N. Cardiac problems in pregnancy. 1. Maternal aspects. JAMA. 1984;251:2837–2838
  30. Girardi SK, Mielnik A, Schlegel PN. Submicroscopic (deletions in the Y chromosome of infertile men). Hum Reprod. 1997;12:1635–1641
  31. Palermo G, Joris H, Devroey P, Van Steirteghem AC. Pregnancies after intracytoplasmic sperm injection of single spermatozoon into an oocyte. Lancet. 1992;340:17–18
  32. American Society for Reproductive Medicine [ASRM] . Does intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) carry inherent genetic risks? A Practice Committee report. Birmingham, AL: ASRM; 2000;
  33. Nelson JL, Koepsell TD, Dugowson CE, Voigt LF, Daling JR, Hansen JA. Fecundity before disease onset in women with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1993;36:7–14
  34. Hardy CD, Palmer BP, Morton SJ, Muir KR, Powell RJ. Pregnancy outcome and family size in systemic lupus erythematosus (a case-control study). Rheumatology. 1999;38:559–563
  35. Silman AJ, Black C. Increased incidence of spontaneous abortion and infertility in women with scleroderma before disease onset (a controlled study). Ann Rheum Dis. 1988;47:441–444
  36. Bussen S, Steck T, Dietl J. Increased prevalence of thyroid antibodies in euthryoid women with a history of recurrent in vitro fertilization failure. Hum Reprod. 2000;15:545–548
  37. Lockshin MD, Druzin MC, Goes S, Qamar T, Magid MS, Jovanovic L, et al.  Antibody to cardiolipin as a predictor of fetal distress or death in pregnant patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:152–156
  38. Kutteh WH, Rote NJ, Silver R. Antiphospholipid antibodies and reproduction; the antiphophospholipid antibody syndrome. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1999;44:133–152
  39. Gleicher N, Karande V. Evidence that the cell traffic of pregnancy may contribute to the risk of autoimmune diseases in offspring and their mothers. Submitted for publication. 2002
  40. Uramoto KM, Michet CH, Thumboo J, Sunku J, O’Fallon WM, Gabriel SE. Trends in the incidence and mortality of systemic lupus erythematosus, 1950–1992. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:46–50

PII: S0015-0282(02)04573-9

doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(02)04573-9

Fertility and Sterility
Volume 79, Issue 2 , Pages 249-252 , February 2003

Article Tools