Fertility and Sterility
Volume 79, Issue 2 , Pages 274-280 , February 2003

Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with Alzheimer’s disease: a randomized, prospective study

Presented at the 11th Annual Meeting of the North American Menopause Society, Orlando, Florida, September 7–9, 2000.

  • Byung-Koo Yoon, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
    • ,
  • Doh Kwan Kim, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
    • ,
  • Yeonwook Kang, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chunchon, South Korea
    • ,
  • Jong-Won Kim, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Clinical Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
    • ,
  • Myung-Hee Shin, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Preventive Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
    • ,
  • Duk L Na, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Duk L. Na, M.D., Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-ku, Seoul 135-710, South Korea (FAX: 82-2-3410-0052).

Received 14 January 2002 ,Revised 10 June 2002 ,Accepted 10 June 2002.

References 

  1. Qizilbash N, Whitehead A, Higgins J, Wilcock G, Schneider L, Farlow M, et al.  Cholinesterase inhibition for Alzheimer’s disease (a meta-analysis of the tacrine trials). JAMA. 1998;280:1777–1782
  2. MacGowan SH, Wilcock GK, Scott M. Effect of gender and apolipoprotein E genotype on response to anticholinesterase therapy in Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1998;13:625–630
  3. Tang MX, Jacobs D, Stern Y, Marder K, Schofield P, Gurland B, et al.  Effect of oestrogen during menopause on risk and age at onset of Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet. 1996;348:429–432
  4. Kawas C, Resnick S, Morrison A, Brookmeyer R, Corrada M, Zonderman A, et al.  A prospective study of estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging). Neurology. 1997;48:1517–1521
  5. Baldereschi M, Di Carlo A, Lepore V, Bracco L, Maggi S, Grigoletto F, et al.  Estrogen-replacement therapy and Alzheimer’s disease in the Italian longitudinal study on aging. Neurology. 1998;50:996–1002
  6. Waring SC, Rocca WA, Petersen RC, O’Brien PC, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E. Postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy and risk of AD. Neurology. 1999;52:965–970
  7. Inestrosa NC, Marzolo MP, Bonnefont AB. Cellular and molecular basis of estrogen’s neuroprotection. Potential relevance for Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurobiol. 1998;17:73–86
  8. Fillit H, Weinreb H, Cholst I, Luine V, McEwen B, Amador R, et al.  Observations in a preliminary open trial of estradiol therapy for senile dementia-Alzheimer’s type. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1986;11:337–345
  9. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer’s Disease). Neurology. 1984;34:939–944
  10. Hughes CP, Berg L, Danziger WL, Coben LA, Martin RL. A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. Br J Psychiatry. 1982;140:566–572
  11. Kang Y, Na DL, Hahn S. A validity study on the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) in dementia patients. J Kor Neurol Assoc. 1997;15:300–307
  12. Brandt J. The Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (development of a new memory test with sex equivalent forms). Clin Neuropsychol. 1991;5:125–142
  13. Kim H, Na DL. Normative data on the Korean version of the Boston Naming Test. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1999;21:127–133
  14. Kang Y, Chin JH, Na DL, Lee J, Park JS. A normative study of the Korean version of Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) in the elderly. Kor J Clin Psychol. 2000;19:385–392
  15. Jung IK, Kwak DI, Shin DK, Lee MS, Lee HS, Kim JY. A reliability and validity study of Geriatric Depression Scale. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 1997;36:103–112
  16. Hamilton M. Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. Br J Clin Psychol. 1967;6:278–296
  17. Lawton MP, Brody EM. Assessment of older people (self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living). Gerontologist. 1969;9:179–186
  18. Hixson JE, Vernier DT. Restriction isotyping of human apolipoprotein E by gene amplification and cleavage with HhaI. J Lipid Res. 1990;31:545–548
  19. Farlow MR, Lahiri DK, Poirier J, Davignon J, Schneider L, Hui SL. Treatment outcome of tacrine therapy depends on apolipoprotein genotype and gender of the subjects with Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 1998;50:669–677
  20. Heikkinen AM, Niskanen L, Ryynänen M, Komulainen MH, Tuppurainen MT, Parviainen M, et al.  Is the response of serum lipids and lipoproteins to postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy modified by ApoE genotype?. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999;19:402–407
  21. Rogers SL, Farlow MR, Doody RS, Mohs R, Friedhoff LT. A 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of donepazil in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 1998;50:136–145
  22. Rosler M, Anand R, Cicin-Sain A, Gauthier S, Agid Y, Dal-Bianco P, et al.  Efficacy and safety of rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (international randomized controlled trial). BMJ. 1999;318:633–638
  23. Knopman D, Kahn J, Miles S. Clinical research designs for emerging treatments for Alzheimer disease (moving beyond placebo-controlled trials). Arch Neurol. 1998;55:1425–1429
  24. Honjo H, Ogino Y, Tanaka K, Urabe M, Kashiwagi T, Ishihara S, et al.  An effect of conjugated estrogen to cognitive impairment in women with senile dementia-Alzheimer’s type (a placebo-controlled, double-blind study). J Jpn Menopause Soc. 1993;1:167–171
  25. Asthana S, Craft S, Baker LD, Raskind MA, Birnbaum RS, Lofgreen CP, et al.  Cognitive and neuroendocrine response to transdermal estrogen in postmenopausal women with Alzheimer’s disease (results of a placebo-controlled, double-blind, pilot study). Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1999;24:657–677
  26. Asthana S, Baker LD, Craft S, Stanczyk FZ, Veith RC, Raskind MA, et al.  High-dose estradiol improves cognition for women with AD (results of a randomized study). Neurology. 2001;57:605–612
  27. Henderson VW, Paganini-Hill A, Miller BL, Elble RJ, Reyes PF, Shoupe D, et al.  Estrogen for Alzheimer’s disease in women (randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial). Neurology. 2000;54:295–301
  28. Mulnard RA, Cotman CW, Kawas C, van Dyck CH, Sano M, Doody R, et al.  Estrogen replacement therapy for treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease. JAMA. 2000;283:1007–1015
  29. Kinsley CH, Madonia L, Gifford GW, Tureski K, Griffin GR, Lowry C, et al.  Motherhood improves learning and memory. Nature. 1999;402:137–138
  30. Sherwin BB. Estrogenic effects on memory in women. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1994;743:213–231
  31. Natale V, Albertazzi P, Zini M, Di Micco R. Exploration of cyclical changes in memory and mood in postmenopausal women taking sequential combined oestrogen and progestogen preparations. Br J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;108:286–290
  32. Rice MM, Graves AB, McCurry SM, Gibbons LE, Bowen JD, McCormick WC, et al.  Postmenopausal estrogen and estrogen-progestin use and 2-year rate of cognitive change in a cohort of older Japanese American women (The Kame Project). Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:1641–1649
  33. Gould E, Woolley CS, Frankfurt M, McEwen BS. Gonadal steroids regulate dendritic spine density in hippocampal pyramidal cells in adulthood. J Neurosci. 1990;10:1286–1291
  34. Gibbs RB. Fluctuations in relative levels of choline acetyl transferase mRNA in different regions of the rat basal forebrain across the estrous cycle (effects of estrogen and progesterone). J Neurosci. 1996;16:1049–1055
  35. Gibbs RB. Levels of trkA and BDNF mRNA, but not NGF mRNA, fluctuate across the estrous cycle and increase in response to acute hormone replacement. Brain Res. 1998;787:259–268
  36. Goodman Y, Bruce AJ, Cheng B, Mattson MP. Estrogens attenuate and corticosterone exacerbates excitotoxicity, oxidative injury, and amyloid β-peptide toxicity in hippocampal neurons. J Neurochem. 1996;66:1836–1844
  37. Greendale GA, Reboussin BA, Hogan P, Barnabei VM, Shumaker S, Johnson S, et al.  Symptom relief and side effects of postmenopausal hormones (results from the postmenopausal estrogen/progestin interventions trial). Obstet Gynecol. 1998;92:982–988
  38. Grey A, Cundy T, Evans M, Reid I. Medroxyprogesterone acetate enhances the spinal bone mineral density response to oestrogen in late post-menopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1996;44:293–296
  39. Regestein Q. Menopausal progesterone replacement and sleep quality. Menopause. 2001;8:3–4
  40. Poirier J, Delisle MC, Quirion R, Aubert I, Farlow M, Lahiri D, et al.  Apolipoprotein E4 allele as a predictor of cholinergic deficits and treatment outcome in Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995;92:12260–12264
  41. Craft S, Teri L, Edland SD, Kukull WA, Schellenberg G, McCormick WC, et al.  Accelerated decline in apolipoprotein E-ε4 homozygotes with Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 1998;51:149–153
  42. Raskind MA, Sadowsky CH, Sigmund WR, Beitler PJ, Auster SB. Effect of tacrine on language, praxis, and noncognitive behavioral problems in Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Neurol. 1997;54:836–840
  43. Yaffe K, Blackwell T, Gore R, Sands L, Reus V, Browner WS. Depressive symptoms and cognitive decline in nondemented elderly women (a prospective study). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:425–430

PII: S0015-0282(02)04666-6

doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(02)04666-6

Fertility and Sterility
Volume 79, Issue 2 , Pages 274-280 , February 2003

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution