Fertility and Sterility
Volume 82, Issue 1 , Pages 266-272 , July 2004

Current evaluation of amenorrhea

  • The Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine

      Affiliations

    • Birmingham, Alabama, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationNo reprints will be available.

Received 20 February 2004 ,Revised 20 February 2004 ,Accepted 20 February 2004.

References 

  1. Stedman's Medical Dictionary. 27th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000:56
  2. Herman-Giddens ME, Slora EJ, Wasserman RC, Bourdony CJ, Bhapkar MV, Koch GG, et al.  Secondary sexual characteristics and menses in young girls seen in office practice (a study from the Pediatric Research in Office Settings network). Pediatrics. 1997;99:505–512
  3. Pettersson F, Fries H, Nillius SJ. Epidemiology of secondary amenorrhea. I. Incidence and prevalence rates. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1973;117:80–86
  4. Bachmann G, Kemmann E. Prevalence of oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea in a college population. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982;144:98–102
  5. Reindollar RM, Byrd JR, McDonough PG. Delayed sexual development (a study of 252 patients). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1981;140:371–380
  6. Reindollar RH, Novak M, Tho SP, McDonough PG. Adult-onset amenorrhea (a study of 262 patients). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1986;155:531–543
  7. Mashchak CA, Kletzky OA, Davajan V, Mishell DR. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of patients with primary amenorrhea. Obstet Gynecol. 1981;57:715–721
  8. Insler V. Gonadotophin therapy (new trends and insights). Int J Fertil. 1988;33:85–97
  9. Doody KM, Carr BR. Amenorrhea. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 1990;17:361–387
  10. Jagiello G. Prevalence of testicular feminization. Lancet. 1962;1:329
  11. Wilson JD. Syndromes of androgen resistance. Biol Reprod. 1992;46:168–173
  12. Lobo RA. Primary and secondary amenorrhea. In: Fraser IS, Jansen R, Lobo RA, Whitehead M, eds. Estrogens and progestogens in clinical practice. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1998
  13. Reid RL. Amenorrhea. In: Copeland LJ, ed. Textbook of gynecology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1996
  14. Manuel M, Katayama PK, Jones HW. The age of occurrence of gonadal tumors in intersex patients with a Y chromosome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1976;124:293–300
  15. Turner HH. A syndrome of infantilism, congenital webbed neck, and cubitus valgus. Endocrinology. 1938;23:566
  16. Turner's syndrome. West J Med 1982;137:32–44
  17. Toledo SP, Brunner HG, Kraaij R, Post M, Dahia PL, Hayashida CY, et al.  An inactivating mutation of the luteinizing hormone receptor causes amenorrhea in a 46,XX female. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:3850–3854
  18. Aittomaki K, Lucena JL, Pakarinen P, Sistonen P, Tapanainen J, Gromoll J, et al.  Mutation in the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene causes hereditary hypergonadotropic ovarian failure. Cell. 1995;82:959–968
  19. Allingham-Hawkins DJ, Babul-Hirji R, Chitayat D, Holden JJ, Yang KT, Lee C, et al.  Fragile X premutation is a significant risk factor for premature ovarian failure (the International Collaborative POF in Fragile X study—preliminary data). Am J Med Genet. 1999;83:322–325
  20. Laml T, Preyer O, Umek W, Hengstschlager M, Hanzal H. Genetic disorders in premature ovarian failure. Hum Reprod Update. 2002;8:483–491
  21. Morishima A, Grumbach MM, Simpson ER, Fisher C, Qin K. Aromatase deficiency in male and female siblings caused by a novel mutation and the physiological role of estrogens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80:3689–3698
  22. Jones GS, De Moraes-Ruehsen M. A new syndrome of amenorrhea in association with hypergonadotropism and apparently normal ovarian follicular apparatus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1969;104:597–600
  23. Van Campenhout J, Vauclair R, Maraghi K. Gonadotropin-resistant ovaries in primary amenorrhea. Obstet Gynecol. 1972;40:6–12
  24. Conway GS, Kaltsas G, Patel A, Davies MC, Jacobs HS. Characterization of idiopathic premature ovarian failure. Fertil Steril. 1996;65:337–341
  25. Laml T, Preyer J, Umek W, Hengstschlager M, Hanzal E. Genetic disorders in premature ovarian failure. Hum Reprod Update. 2002;8:483–491
  26. LaBarbera AR, Miller MM, Ober C, Rebar RW. Autoimmune etiology in premature ovarian failure. Am J Reprod Immunol Microbiol. 1988;16:115–122
  27. Hoek A, Schoemaker J, Drexhage HA. Premature ovarian failure and ovarian autoimmunity. Endocr Rev. 1997;18:107–134
  28. Nelson LM, Anasti JN, Flack MR. Premature ovarian failure. In:  Adashi EY,  Rock JA,  Rosenwaks Z editor. Reproductive endocrinology, surgery, and technology. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1996;p. 1393–1410
  29. Rebar RW, Connolly HV. Clinical features of young women with hypergonadotropic amenorrhea. Fertil Steril. 1990;53:804–810
  30. Touraine P, Plu-Bureau G, Beji C, Mauvais-Jarvis P, Kuttenn F. Long-term follow-up of 246 hyperprolactinemic patients. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2001;80:162–168
  31. Brenner SH, Lessing JB, Quagliarello J, Weiss G. Hyperprolactinemia and associated pituitary prolactinomas. Obstet Gynecol. 1985;65:661–664
  32. Schlechte J, Dolan K, Sherman B, Chapler F, Luciano A. The natural history of untreated hyperprolactinemia (a prospective analysis). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989;68:412–418
  33. Marshall JC, Eagleson CA, McCartney CR. Hypothalamic dysfunction. Mol Cell Endocinol. 2002;183:29–32
  34. Imani B, Eijkemans MJ, te Velde ER, Habbema JD, Fauser BC. A nomogram to predict the probability of live birth after clomiphene citrate induction of ovulation in normogonadotropic oligoamenorrheic infertility. Fertil Steril. 2002;77:91–97
  35. Rarick LD, Shangold MM, Ahmed SW. Cervical mucus and serum estradiol as predictors of response to progestin challenge. Fertil Steril. 1990;54:353–355
  36. Nakamura S, Douchi T, Oki T, Ijuin H, Yamamoto S, Nagata Y. Relationship between sonographic endometrial thickness and progestin-induced withdrawal bleeding. Obstet Gynecol. 1996;87:722–725
  37. Frisch RE, McArthur JW. Menstrual cycles (fatness as a determinant of minimum weight for height necessary for their maintenance or onset). Science. 1974;185:949–951
  38. Lucas AR, Crowson CS, O'Fallon WM, Melton LJ. The ups and downs of anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 1999;26:397–405
  39. Warren MP, Goodman LR. Exercise-induced endocrine pathologies. J Endocrinol Invest. 2003;26:873–878
  40. Rosenfield RL. Clinical review 6 (diagnosis and management of delayed puberty). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;70:559–562
  41. Hall JE. Physiologic and genetic insights into the pathophysiology and management of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Ann Endocrinol. 1999;60:93–101
  42. Layman LC, McDonough PG, Cohen DP, Maddox M, Tho SP, Reindollar RH. Familial gonadotropin-releasing hormone resistance and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in a family with multiple affected individuals. Fertil Steril. 2001;75:1148–1155
  43. Sheehan HL. Simmond's disease due to post-partum necrosis of the anterior pituitary. Q J Med. 1939;8:277
  44. Davies MC, Hall ML, Jacobs HS. Bone mineral loss in young women with amenorrhoea. BMJ. 1990;301:790–793
  45. Martin KA, Hall JE, Adams JM, Crowley WF. Comparison of exogenous gonadotropins and pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone for induction of ovulation in hypogonadotropic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;77:125–129
  46. Moran C, Azziz R, Carmina E, Dewailly D, Fruzzetti F, Ibanez L, et al.  21-Hydroxylase-deficient nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia is a progressive disorder (a multicenter study). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183:1468–1474
  47. Legro RS. Polycystic ovary syndrome (the new millennium). Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2001;184:87–93
  48. Bili H, Laven J, Imani B, Eijkemans MJ, Fauser BC. Age-related differences in features associated with polycystic ovary syndrome in normogonadotrophic oligo-amenorrhoeic infertile women of reproductive years. Eur J Endocrinol. 2001;145:749–755
  49. Zawadzki JK, Dunaif A. Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: towards a rational approach. In:  Dunaif A,  Givens JR,  Haseltine FP,  Merriam GM editor. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Boston: Blackwell; 1992;p. 377–384
  50. Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group . Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2004;81:19–25
  51. Dunaif A, Thomas A. Current concepts in the polycystic ovary syndrome. Annu Rev Med. 2001;52:401–419
  52. Legro RS, Kunselman AR, Dodson WC, Dunaif A. Prevalence and predictors of risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in polycystic ovary syndrome (a prospective, controlled study in 254 affected women). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:165–169
  53. Dunaif A, Finegood DT. Beta-cell dysfunction independent of obesity and glucose intolerance in the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:942–947

PII: S0015-0282(04)00534-5

doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.02.098

Fertility and Sterility
Volume 82, Issue 1 , Pages 266-272 , July 2004