Fertility and Sterility
Volume 84, Issue 1 , Pages 40-45 , July 2005

Comparison of vaginal and oral administration of emergency contraception

  • Eliran Mor, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Eliran Mor, M.D., LAC+USC Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1240 N. Mission Rd., Rm. 8K9, Los Angeles, California 90033 (FAX: 323-226-2850
    • ,
  • Peyman Saadat, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
    • ,
  • Sari Kives, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
    • ,
  • Emily White, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
    • ,
  • Robert L. Reid, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
    • ,
  • Richard J. Paulson, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
    • ,
  • Frank Z. Stanczyk, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California

Received 27 January 2004 ,Revised 24 January 2005 ,Accepted 24 January 2005.

References 

  1. Yuzpe AA , Smith RP , Rademaker AW . A multicenter clinical investigation employing ethinyl estradiol combined with dl-norgestrel as postcoital contraceptive agent . Fertil Steril . 1982;37:508–513
  2. Ho PC , Kwan MSW . A prospective randomized comparison of levonorgestrel with the Yuzpe regimen in post-coital contraception . Hum Reprod . 1993;8:389–392
  3. World Health Organization . Special programme of research, development, and research training in human reproduction. Task force on postovulatory methods of fertility regulation . Lancet . 1998;352(9126):428–433
  4. Tourgeman DE , Gentzchein E , Stanczyk FZ , Paulson RJ . Serum and tissue hormone levels of vaginally and orally administered estradiol . Am J Obstet Gynecol . 1999;180:1480–1483
  5. Levy T , Yairi Y , Bar-Hava I , Shalev J , Orvieto R , Ben-Rafael Z . Pharmacokinetics of the progesterone-containing vaginal tablet and its use in assisted reproduction . Steroids . 2000;65:645–649
  6. Miles RA , Paulson RJ , Lobo RA , Press MF , Dahmoush L , Sauer MV . Pharmacokinetics and endometrial tissue levels of progesterone after administration by intramuscular and vaginal routes (a comparative study) . Fertil Steril . 1994;62:485–490
  7. Ling WY , Wrixon W , Zayid Y , Acorn T , Popat R , Wilson E . Mode of action of dl-norgestrel and ethinylestradiol combination in postcoital contraception. II. Effects of postovulatory administration on ovarian function and endometrium . Fertil Steril . 1983;39:292–297
  8. Ling WY , Wrixon W , Acorn T , Wilson E , Collins J . Mode of action of dl-norgestrel and ethinylestradiol combination in postcoital contraception. III. Effects of preovulatory administration following the luteinizing hormone surge on ovarian steroidogenesis . Fertil Steril . 1983;40:631–636
  9. Thorneycroft IH , Stanczyk FZ , Bradshaw KD , Ballagh SA , Nichols M , Weber ME . Effect of low-dose oral contraceptives on androgen markers and acne . Contraception . 1999;60:255–262
  10. Kives S, White E, Stanczyk FZ, Hahn PM, Reid RL. A pilot study comparing the bioavailability of the Yuzpe regimen and the levonorgestrel regimen of emergency contraception: oral versus vaginal administration. Contraception. In press.
  11. Goebelsmann U , Bernstein GS , Gale JA , Kletzky O , Nakamura RM , Coulson AH , et al.   Serum gonadotropin testosterone estradiol and estrone levels prior to and following bilateral vasectomy . In:  Lepow IH ,  Crozier R editor. Vasectomy (immunologic and pathophysiologic effects in animals and man) . New York: Academic Press; 1979;p. 165–181
  12. Goebelsmann U , Arce JJ , Thorneycroft IH , Mishell DR . Serum testosterone concentrations in women throughout the menstrual cycle and following hCG administration . Am J Obstet Gynecol . 1974;119:445–452
  13. Goebelsmann U , Horton R , Mestman JH , Arce JJ , Nagata Y , Nakamura RM , et al.   Male pseudohermaphroditism due to testicular 17 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency . J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1973;36:867–879
  14. Serafini P , Ablan F , Lobo RA . 5 a-reductase activity in the genital skin of hirsute women . J Clin Endocrin Metab . 1985;60:349–355
  15. Sodergard R , Backstrom T , Shanbhag V , Carstensen H . Calculation of free and bound fractions of testosterone and estradiol-17 β to human plasma proteins at body temperature . J Steroid Biochem . 1982;16:801–810
  16. Coutinho EM , Coutinho EJ , Goncalves MT , Barbosa IC . Ovulation suppression in women following vaginal administration of oral contraceptive tablets . Fertil Steril . 1982;38:380–381
  17. Tourgeman DE , Gentzchein E , Stanczyk FZ , Paulson RJ . Serum and tissue hormone levels of vaginally and orally administered estradiol . Am J Obstet Gynecol . 1999;180:1480–1483
  18. De Ziegler D , Bulletti C , De Monstier B , Jaaskelainen AS . The first uterine pass effect . Ann N Y Acad Sci . 1997;828:291–299
  19. Kelly JJ , Rajkovic IA , O’Sullivan AJ , Sernia C , Ho KK . Effects of different oral oestrogen formulations on insulin-like growth factor-I, growth hormone and growth hormone binding protein in post-menopausal women . Clin Endocrinol . 1993;39:561–567
  20. Chetkowski RJ , Meldrum DR , Steingold KA , Randle D , Lu JK , Eggena P , et al.   Biologic effects of transdermal estradiol . N Engl J Med . 1986;314:1615–1620
  21. Ruokonen A , Kaar K . Effects of desogestrel, levonorgestrel and lynestrenol on serum sex hormone binding globulin, cortisol binding globulin, ceruloplasmin and HDL-cholesterol . Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol . 1985;20:13–18
  22. Oelkers WK . Effects of estrogens and progestogens on the renin-aldosterone system and blood pressure . Steroids . 1996;61:166–171
  23. Olsson SE , Odlind V , Johansson E . Androgen levels in women using Norplant implants . Contraception . 1986;34:157–167
  24. Cassidenti DL , Paulson RJ , Serafini P , Stanczyk FZ , Lobo RA . Effects of sex steroids on skin 5 alpha-reductase activity in vitro . Obstet Gynecol . 1991;78:103–107

PII: S0015-0282(05)00588-1

doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.01.110

Fertility and Sterility
Volume 84, Issue 1 , Pages 40-45 , July 2005

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution