Fertility and Sterility
Volume 90, Issue 2 , Pages 340-345 , August 2008

Civil war and male infertility in Lebanon

  • Loulou Kobeissi, Dr.P.H., M.P.H.

      Affiliations

    • University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
    • ,
  • Marcia C. Inhorn, Ph.D., M.P.H.

      Affiliations

    • University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
    • ,
  • Antoine B. Hannoun, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
    • ,
  • Najwa Hammoud, R.N.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
    • ,
  • Johnny Awwad, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
    • ,
  • Antoine A. Abu-Musa, M.D., Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Antoine A. Abu-Musa, M.D., Ph.D., P.O. Box 113-6044-6A, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon (FAX: 961-1-370829).

Received 31 May 2007 ,Revised 20 June 2007 ,Accepted 20 June 2007.

References 

  1. Maconochie N, Doyle P, Carson C. Infertility among male UK veterans of the 1990-1 Gulf war: reproductive cohort study. BMJ. 2004;329:196–201
  2. Sim M, Abramson M, Forbes A, Glass D, Ikin J, Ittak P, et al. Australian Gulf Veterans' Health Study 2003. Vol 2. Commonwealth Department of Veterans' Affairs, 2003. Available at: http://www.dva.gov.au/media/publicat/2003/gulfwarhs. Accessed May 10, 2004.
  3. Zorn B, Sucur V, Stare J, Meden-Vrtovec H. Decline in sex ratio at birth after 10-day war in Slovenia. Hum Reprod. 2002;17:3173–3177
  4. Abu-Musa A, Nassar AH, Hannoun AB, Usta IM. Effect of Lebanese Civil War on sperm parameters. Fertil Steril. In press.
  5. Ishoy T, Andersson AM, Suadicani P, Guldager B, Appleyard M. Major reproductive health characteristics in male Gulf veterans. Dan Med Bull. 2001;48:29–32
  6. Saxena C, Kulczyck A, Jurdi R. Nuptiality transition and marriage squeeze in Lebanon: consequences of sixteen years of civil war. J Comp Fam Stud. 2004;35:241–258
  7. Jabbra N. Family change in Lebanon's Biqa Valley: what are the results of the civil war?. J Comp Fam Stud. 2004;35:259–270
  8. Joseph S. Problematizing gender and relational rights: experiences from Lebanon. Social Politics. 1994;1:270–285
  9. Hamdan F. The ecological crisis in Lebanon. In:  Ellis K editors. Lebanon's second republic: prospects for the twenty-first century. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida; 2002;p. 175–187
  10. World Health Organization . WHO laboratory manual for the examination of human semen and sperm-cervical mucus interaction. 4th ed.. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1993;
  11. Giblin PT, Poland ML, Moghissi KS, Ager JW, Olson JM. Effects of stress and characteristic adaptability on semen quality in healthy men. Fertil Steril. 1988;4:127–132
  12. Bigelow PL, Jarrell J, Young MR, Keefe TJ, Love EJ. Association of semen quality and occupational factors: comparison of case control analysis and analysis of continuous variables. Fertil Steril. 1998;69:11–18
  13. Steve H. Der ein Fluss de nerven System auf ban und Fatigkeit des Geschlechtorgane des Menschen. Stuttgart, Germany: Theim; 1952;
  14. Cui K. The effect of stress on semen production in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus). Hum Reprod. 1996;11:568–573
  15. Ministry of the Environment (MOE), Lebanon. State of the Environment Report. p. 41. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.lb/NR/rdonlyres/C694D7C7-C46A-4D9B-9AFB1459B95EF33A/0/Chap3Industry.pdf. Accessed July 19, 2005.
  16. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Revised Lebanon Crisis Flash Appeal 2006. Available at: http://www.reliefweb.int. Accessed September 18, 2006.
  17. Government of Lebanon. Setting the stage for long-term reconstruction: the national early recovery process. Presented at the Stockholm Conference for Lebanon's Early Recovery, August 31, 2006. Available at: http://www.lebanonundersiege.gov.lb. Accessed September 18, 2007.
  18. United Nations Development Programme document: Lebanon. Quick delivery-high impact. Projects for the Immediate Post-Ceasefire Period. 2006. Available at: http://www.undp.org.lb. Accessed September 18, 2006.
  19. Fahey D. The emergence and decline of the debate over depleted uranium munitions, 1991-2004. Available at: http://www.danfahey.com. Accessed April 14, 2006.

 Supported by the National Science Foundation (Arlington, VA) (BCS 0549264) and by the US Department of Education Fulbright-Hays Faculty Research Abroad Program (Washington, DC).

PII: S0015-0282(07)01416-1

doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.06.061

Fertility and Sterility
Volume 90, Issue 2 , Pages 340-345 , August 2008

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