Fertility and Sterility
Volume 89, Issue 2 , Pages 281-300 , February 2008

Proceedings of the Summit on Environmental Challenges to Reproductive Health and Fertility: executive summary

  • Tracey J. Woodruff, Ph.D., M.P.H.

      Affiliations

    • Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, National Center of Excellence in Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Tracey Woodruff, Ph.D., M.P.H., Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143.
    • ,
  • Alison Carlson

      Affiliations

    • Collaborative on Health and the Environment, Bolinas, California
    • ,
  • Jackie M. Schwartz, M.P.H.

      Affiliations

    • Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, National Center of Excellence in Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California
    • ,
  • Linda C. Giudice, M.D., Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California

Received 3 October 2007 ,Revised 3 October 2007 ,Accepted 3 October 2007.

References 

  1. Proceedings of the UCSF-CHE Summit on Environmental Challenges to Reproductive Health and Fertility. Fertil Steril. 2008;89(Suppl 1):Available online at http://www.fertstert.org
  2. US EPA. What is the TSCA Chemical Substance Inventory. Vol. 2007. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency; 2006;
  3. McLachlan JA. Environmental signaling: what embryos and evolution teach us about endocrine disrupting chemicals. Endocr Rev. 2001;22:319–341
  4. Zoeller RT, Dowling ALS, Herzig CTA, Iannacone EA, Gauger KJ, Bansal R. Thyroid hormone, brain development, and the environment. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110(Suppl 3):355–361
  5. Gray LE Jr, Wilson VS, Stoker T, Lambright C, Furr J, Noriega N, et al. Adverse effects of environmental antiandrogens and androgens on reproductive development in mammals. Int J Androl 29:96–104.
  6. Guillette LJ, Gunderson MP. Alterations in the development of the reproductive and endocrine systems of wildlife exposed to endocrine disrupting contaminants. Reproduction. 2001;122:857–864
  7. Fournier M, Brousseau P, Tryphonas H, Cyr D. Biomarkers of immunotoxicity: an evolutionary perspective. In:  Guillette LJ,  Crain DA editor. Endocrine disrupting contaminants: an evolutionary perspective. Philadelphia, PA: Francis and Taylor Inc.; 2000;p. 182–215
  8. Guillette LJ. Endocrine disrupting contaminants—beyond the dogma. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114(Suppl 1):9–12
  9. Osteen KG, Sierra-Rivera E. Does disruption of immune and endocrine systems by environmental toxins contribute to development of endometriosis?. Semin Reprod Endocrinol. 1997;15:301–308
  10. Edwards TM, Myers JP. Environmental exposures and gene regulation in disease etiology. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115:1264–1270
  11. Anway MD, Cupp AS, Uzumcu M, Skinner MK. Epigenetic transgenerational actions of endocrine disruptors and mate fertility. Science. 2005;308:1466–1469
  12. Crews D, Gore AC, Hsu TS, Dangleben NL, Spinetta M, Schallert T, et al. Transgenerational epigenetic imprints on mate preference. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:5942–5946
  13. CDC. Third national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2005;
  14. Howdeshell KL, Furr J, Lambright CR, Rider CV, Wilson VS, Gray LE. Cumulative effects of dibutyl phthalate and diethylhexyl phthalate on male rat reproductive tract development: altered fetal steroid hormones and genes. Toxicol Sci. 2007;99:190–202
  15. Morford LL, Henck JW, Breslin WJ, DeSesso JM. Hazard identification and predictability of children's health risk from animal data. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;112:266–271
  16. Louis RH. Periconception window: advising the pregnancy planning couple. Fertil Steril. In press.
  17. Calabrese EJ. Sex differences in susceptibility to toxic industrial chemicals. Br J Ind Med. 1986;43:577–579
  18. Ben-Shlomo Y, Kuh D. A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology: conceptual models, empirical challenges and interdisciplinary perspectives. Int J Epidemiol. 2002;31:285–293
  19. Cook JD, Davis BJ, Goewey JA, Berry TD, Walker CL. Identification of a sensitive period for developmental programming that increases risk for uterine leiomyoma in Eker rats. Reprod Sci. 2007;14:121–136
  20. Barker DJ. Fetal origins of coronary heart disease. BMJ. 1995;311:171–174
  21. Robinson R. The fetal origins of adult disease. BMJ. 2001;322:375–376
  22. Hanson M, Gluckman P, Bier D, Challis J, Fleming T, Forrester T, et al. Report on the 2nd world congress on fetal origins of adult disease, Brighton, UK, June 7–10, 2003. Pediatr Res. 2004;55:894–897
  23. Gluckman PD, Hanson MA. Living with the past: evolution, development, and patterns of disease. Science. 2004;305:1733–1736
  24. Couzin J. Quirks of fetal environment felt decades later. Science. 2002;296:2167–2169
  25. Barker DJ. Fetal programming of coronary heart disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2002;13:364–368
  26. Frankel S, Elwood P, Sweetnam P, Yarnell J, Smith GD. Birthweight, body-mass index in middle age, and incident coronary heart disease. Lancet. 1996;348:1478–1480
  27. Hattersley AT, Tooke JE. The fetal insulin hypothesis: an alternative explanation of the association of low birthweight with diabetes and vascular disease. Lancet. 1999;353:1789–1792
  28. Woodruff TK, Walker CL. Fetal and early postnatal environmental exposures and reproductive health effects in the female. Fertil Steril. In press.
  29. Miller C, Degenhardt K, Sassoon DA. Fetal exposure to DES results in de-regulation of Wnt7a during uterine morphogenesis. Nat Genet. 1998;20:228–230
  30. Pavlova A, Boutin E, Cunha G, Sassoon D. Msx1 (Hox-7.1) in the adult mouse uterus: cellular interactions underlying regulation of expression. Development. 1994;120:335–345
  31. Taylor HS, Vanden Heuvel GB, Igarashi P. A conserved Hox axis in the mouse and human female reproductive system: late establishment and persistent adult expression of the Hoxa cluster genes. Biol Reprod. 1997;57:1338–1345
  32. Schrager S, Potter BE. Diethylstilbestrol exposure. Am Fam Physician. 2004;69:2395–2400
  33. Newbold RR, Tyrey S, Haney AF, McLachlan JA. Developmentally arrested oviduct: a structural and functional defect in mice following prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol. Teratology. 1983;27:417–426
  34. Baird DD, Newbold R. Prenatal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure is associated with uterine leiomyoma development. Reprod Toxicol. 2005;20:81–84
  35. Cook JD, Davis BJ, Cai SI, Barrett JC, Conti CJ, Walker CL. Interaction between genetic susceptibility and early-life environmental exposure determines tumor-suppressor-gene penetrance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:8644–8649
  36. McLachlan JA, Newbold RR, Bullock BC. Long-term effects on the female mouse genital tract associated with prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol. Cancer Res. 1980;40:3988–3999
  37. Newbold RR, Hanson RB, Jefferson WN, Bullock BC, Haseman J, McLachlan JA. Increased tumors but uncompromised fertility in the female descendants of mice exposed developmentally to diethylstilbestrol. Carcinogenesis. 1998;19:1655–1663
  38. Newbold RR, Hanson RB, Jefferson WN, Bullock BC, Haseman J, McLachlan JA. Proliferative lesions and reproductive tract tumors in male descendants of mice exposed developmentally to diethylstilbestrol. Carcinogenesis. 2000;21:1355–1363
  39. Titus-Ernstoff L, Troisi R, Hatch EE, Wise LA, Palmer J, Hyer M, et al. Menstrual and reproductive characteristics of women whose mothers were exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol (DES). Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35:862–868
  40. Blatt J, Van Le L, Weiner T, Sailer S. Ovarian carcinoma in an adolescent with transgenerational exposure to diethylstilbestrol. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2003;25:635–636
  41. Brouwers MM, Feitz WF, Roelofs LA, Kiemeney LA, de Gier RP, Roeleveld N. Hypospadias: a transgenerational effect of diethylstilbestrol?. Hum Reprod. 2006;21:666–669
  42. Klip H, Verloop J, van Gool JD, Koster ME, Burger CW, van Leeuwen FE. Hypospadias in sons of women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero: a cohort study. Lancet. 2002;359:1102–1107
  43. Colborn T, Dumanoski D, Myers JP. Our stolen future. New York: Penguin Books; 1996;
  44. Guillette LJ Jr, Edwards TM. Environmental influences on fertility: can we learn lessons from studies of wildlife? Fertil Steril. In press.
  45. Colborn T, vom Saal FS, Soto AM. Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans. Environ Health Perspect. 1993;101:378–384
  46. Guillette LJ, Gross TS, Masson GR, Matter JM, Percival HF, Woodward AR. Developmental abnormalities of the gonad and abnormal sex hormone concentrations in juvenile alligators from contaminated and control lakes in Florida. Environ Health Perspect. 1994;102:680–688
  47. Guillette LJJ, Moore BC. Contaminants, fertility and multioocytic follicles: a lesson from wildlife?. Semin Reprod Med. 2006;24:134–141
  48. Iguchi T. Cellular effects of early exposure to sex hormones and antihormones. Int Rev Cytol. 1992;139:1–57
  49. Matter JM, Crain DA, Sills-McMurry C, Pickford DB, Rainwater TR, Reynolds KD, et al. Effects of endocrine-disrupting contaminants in reptiles: alligators. In:  Kendall R,  Dickerson R,  Giesy J,  Suk W editor. Principles and processes for evaluating endocrine disruption in wildlife. Pensacola, FL: SETAC Pr.; 1998;p. 267–289
  50. Milnes MR, Bryan TA, Medina JG, Gunderson MP, Guillette LJ. Developmental alterations as a result of in ovo exposure to the pesticide metabolite p,p′-DDE in Alligator mississippiensis. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2005;144:257–263
  51. Stoker C, Rey F, Rodriguez H, Ramos JG, Sirosky P, Larriera A, et al. Sex reversal effects on Caiman latirostris exposed to environmentally relevant doses of the xenoestrogen bisphenol A. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2003;133:287–296
  52. Willingham E, Crews D. Sex reversal effects of environmentally relevant xenobiotic concentrations on the red-eared slider turtle, a species with temperature-dependent sex determination. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 1999;113:429–435
  53. Willingham E, Rhen T, Sakata JT, Crew D. Embryonic treatment with xenobiotics disrupts steroid hormone profiles in hatchling red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans). Environ Health Perspect. 2000;108:329–332
  54. Jobling S, Beresford N, Nolan M, Rodgers-Gray TP, Brighty G, Sumpter J, et al. Altered sexual maturation and gamete production in wild roach (Rutilus rutilus) living in rivers that receive treated sewage effluents. Biol Reprod. 2002;66:272–281
  55. Mylchreest E, Sar M, Wallace DG, Foster PMD. Fetal testosterone insufficiency and abnormal proliferation of Leydig cells and gonocytes in rats exposed to di(n-butyl) phthalate. Reprod Toxicol. 2002;16:19–28
  56. Tyler CR, Jobling S, Sumpter JP. Endocrine disruption in wildlife: A critical review of the evidence. Crit Rev Toxicol. 1998;28:319–361
  57. Iguchi T, Watanabe H, Katsu Y. Developmental effects of estrogenic agents on mice, fish and frogs: a mini-review. Horm Behav. 2001;40:248–251
  58. Milnes MR, Bermudez DS, Bryan TA, Edwards TM, Gunderson MP, Larkin IV, et al. Contaminant-induced feminization and demasculinization of nonmammalian vertebrate males in aquatic environments. Environ Res. 2006;100:3–17
  59. Bray F, Richiardi L, Ekbom A, Pukkala E, Cuninkova M, Moller H. Trends in testicular cancer incidence and mortality in 22 European countries: continuing increases in incidence and declines in mortality. Int J Cancer. 2006;118:3099–3111
  60. Jorgensen N, Asklund C, Carlsen E, Skakkebaek NE. Coordinated European investigations of semen quality: results from studies of Scandinavian young men is a matter of concern. Int J Androl. 2006;29:54–61discussion 105–8
  61. Andersson A, Jensen TK, Petersen JH, Joergensen T, Borch-Johnsen K, Skakkebaek NE. Trends in Leydig cell function in Danish men. Hum Reprod. 2005;20:i26–i27
  62. Perheentupa A, Laatikainen T, Vierula M, Skakkebaek NE, Andersson AM, Toppari T. Clear birth cohort effect in serum testosterone and SHBG levels in Finnish men. Endocrine Society Meeting 2006. 2006;
  63. Travison TG, Araujo AB, O'Donnell AB, Kupelian V, McKinlay JB. A population-level decline in serum testosterone levels in American men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:196–202
  64. Carlsen E, Giwercman A, Keiding N, Skakkebaek NE. Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years. BMJ. 1992;305:609–613
  65. Herman-Giddens ME. Recent data on pubertal milestones in Unite States children: the secular trend toward earlier development. Int J Androl. 2006;29:241–246discussion 86–90
  66. In:  Russo VEA,  Martienssen RA,  Riggs AD editor. Epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation. Plainview, NY: Cold Spring Harbor; 1996;
  67. Smith CC, Taylor HS. Xenoestrogen exposure imprints expression of genes (Hoxa10) required for normal uterine development. FASEB J. 2007;21:239–246
  68. Sharpe RM, Skakkebaek NE. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: mechanistic insights and potential new downstream effects. Fertil Steril. In press.
  69. Skakkebaek NE, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Main KM. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. Hum Reprod. 2001;16:972–978
  70. Sharpe RM, Skakkebaek NE. Male reproductive disorders and the role of endocrine disruption: advances in understanding and identification of areas for future research. Pure Appl Chem. 2003;75:2023–2038
  71. Mylchreest E, Wallace DG, Cattley RC, Foster PM. Dose-dependent alterations in androgen-regulated male reproductive development in rats exposed to Di(n-butyl) phthalate during late gestation. Toxicol Sci. 2000;55:143–151
  72. Parks LG, Ostby JS, Lambright CR, Abbott BD, Klinefelter GR, Barlow NJ, et al. The plasticizer diethylhexyl phthalate induces malformations by decreasing fetal testosterone synthesis during sexual differentiation in the male rat. Toxicol Sci. 2000;58:339–349
  73. Fisher JS, Macpherson S, Marchetti N, Sharpe RM. Human “testicular dysgenesis syndrome”: a possible model using in-utero exposure of the rat to dibutyl phthalate. Hum Reprod. 2003;18:1383–1394
  74. Mahood IK, Hallmark N, McKinnell C, Walker M, Fisher JS, Sharpe RM. Abnormal Leydig cell aggregation in the fetal testis of rats exposed to di (n-butyl) phthalate and its possible role in testicular dysgenesis. Endocrinology. 2005;146:613–623
  75. Scott HM, Hutchison GR, Mahood IK, Hallmark N, Welsh M, De Gendt K, et al. Role of androgens in fetal testis development and dysgenesis. Endocrinology. 2007;148:2027–2036
  76. Hoei-Hansen CE, Holm M, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Skakkebaek NE. Histological evidence of testicular dysgenesis in contralateral biopsies from 218 patients with testicular germ cell cancer. J Pathol. 2003;200:370–374
  77. Nistal M, Gonzalez-Peramato P, Regadera J, Serrano A, Tarin V, De Miguel MP. Primary testicular lesions are associated with testicular germ cell tumors of adult men. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006;30:1260–1268
  78. Sharpe RM. Pathways of endocrine disruption during male sexual differentiation and masculinization. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;20:91–110
  79. Tan KA, De Gendt K, Atanassova N, Walker M, Sharpe RM, Saunders PT, et al. The role of androgens in sertoli cell proliferation and functional maturation: studies in mice with total or Sertoli cell-selective ablation of the androgen receptor. Endocrinology. 2005;146:2674–2683
  80. Atanassova NN, Walker M, McKinnell C, Fisher JS, Sharpe RM. Evidence that androgens and oestrogens, as well as follicle-stimulating hormone, can alter Sertoli cell number in the neonatal rat. J Endocrinol. 2005;184:107–117
  81. Sharpe RM, McKinnell C, Kivlin C, Fisher JS. Proliferation and functional maturation of Sertoli cells, and their relevance to disorders of testis function in adulthood. Reproduction. 2003;125:769–784
  82. Cortes D, Muller J, Skakkebaek NE. Proliferation of Sertoli cells during development of the human testis assessed by stereological methods. Int J Androl. 1987;10:589–596
  83. Baskin LS. Can we prevent hypospadias? Fertil Steril. In press.
  84. Swan SH, Main KM, Liu F, Stewart SL, Kruse RL, Calafat AM, et al. Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113:1056–1061
  85. Prins GS, Tang WY, Belmonte J, Ho SM. Developmental exposure to bisphenol A increases prostate cancer susceptibility in adult rats: epigenetic mode of action is implicated. Fertil Steril. In press.
  86. Ho SM, Tang WY, Belmonte de Frausto J, Prins GS. Developmental exposure to estradiol and bisphenol A increases susceptibility to prostate carcinogenesis and epigenetically regulates phosphodiesterase type 4 variant 4. Cancer Res. 2006;66:5624–5632
  87. Hauser R, Sokol R. Science linking environmental contaminant exposures with fertility and reproductive health impacts in the adult male. Fertil Steril. In press.
  88. Hauser R, Meeker JD, Duty S, Silva MJ, Calafat AM. Altered semen quality in relation to urinary concentrations of phthalate monoester and oxidative metabolites. Epidemiology. 2006;17:682–691
  89. Jonsson BA, Richthoff J, Rylander L, Giwercman A, Hagmar L. Urinary phthalate metabolites and biomarkers of reproductive function in young men. Epidemiology. 2005;16:487–493
  90. Hsu PC, Huang W, Yao WJ, Wu MH, Guo YL, Lambert GH. Sperm changes in men exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzofurans. JAMA. 2003;289:2943–2944
  91. Guo YL, Hsu PC, Hsu CC, Lambert GH. Semen quality after prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzofurans. Lancet. 2000;356:1240–1241
  92. Hauser R. The environment and male fertility: recent research on emerging chemicals and semen quality. Semin Reprod Med. 2006;24:156–167
  93. Cunningham M. Chronic occupational lead exposure: the potential effect on sexual function and reproductive ability in male workers. Aaohn J. 1986;34:277–279
  94. Benoff S, Jacob A, Hurley IR. Male infertility and environmental exposure to lead and cadmium. Hum Reprod Update. 2000;6:107–121
  95. Telisman S, Cvitkovic P, Jurasovic J, Pizent A, Gavella M, Rocic B. Semen quality and reproductive endocrine function in relation to biomarkers of lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper in men. Environ Health Perspect. 2000;108:45–53
  96. Apostoli P, Kiss P, Porru S, Bonde JP, Vanhoorne M. Male reproductive toxicity of lead in animals and humans. ASCLEPIOS Study Group. Occup Environ Med. 1998;55:364–374
  97. Lancranjan I, Popescu HI, Gavanescu O, Klepsch I, Serbanescu M. Reproductive ability of workmen occupationally exposed to lead. Arch Environ Health. 1975;30:396–401
  98. Winder C. Reproductive and chromosomal effects of occupational exposure to lead in the male. Reprod Toxicol. 1989;3:221–233
  99. Sheiner EK, Sheiner E, Hammel RD, Potashnik G, Carel R. Effect of occupational exposures on male fertility: literature review. Ind Health. 2003;41:55–62
  100. Figa-Talamanca I, Traina ME, Urbani E. Occupational exposures to metals, solvents and pesticides: recent evidence on male reproductive effects and biological markers. Occup Med (Lond). 2001;51:174–188
  101. Potashnik G, Porath A. Dibromochloropropane (DBCP): a 17-year reassessment of testicular function and reproductive performance. J Occup Environ Med. 1995;37:1287–1292
  102. Lantz GD, Cunningham GR, Huckins C, Lipshultz LI. Recovery from severe oligospermia after exposure to dibromochloropropane. Fertil Steril. 1981;35:46–53
  103. Britt KL, Findlay JK. Estrogen actions in the ovary revisited. J Endocrinol. 2002;175:269–276
  104. Palter SF, Tavares AB, Hourvitz A, Veldhuis JD, Adashi EY. Are estrogens of import to primate/human ovarian folliculogenesis?. Endocr Rev. 2001;22:389–424
  105. Mather JP, Moore A, Li RH. Activins, inhibins, and follistatins: further thoughts on a growing family of regulators. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1997;215:209–222
  106. Findlay JK, Drummond AE, Dyson M, Baillie AJ, Robertson DM, Ethier JF. Production and actions of inhibin and activin during folliculogenesis in the rat. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2001;180:139–144
  107. Pangas SA, Rademaker AW, Fishman DA, Woodruff TK. Localization of the activin signal transduction components in normal human ovarian follicles: implications for autocrine and paracrine signaling in the ovary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:2644–2657
  108. Ethier JF, Findlay JK. Roles of activin and its signal transduction mechanisms in reproductive tissues. Reproduction. 2001;121:667–675
  109. Woodruff TK, Lyon RJ, Hansen SE, Rice GC, Mather JP. Inhibin and activin locally regulate rat ovarian folliculogenesis. Endocrinology. 1990;127:3196–3205
  110. Xiao S, Robertson DM, Findlay JK. Effects of activin and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-suppressing protein/follistatin on FSH receptors and differentiation of cultured rat granulosa cells. Endocrinology. 1992;131:1009–1016
  111. Nakamura M, Nakamura K, Igarashi S, Tano M, Miyamoto K, Ibuki Y, et al. Interaction between activin A and cAMP in the induction of FSH receptor in cultured rat granulosa cells. J Endocrinol. 1995;147:103–110
  112. Sadatsuki M, Tsutsumi O, Yamada R, Muramatsu M, Taketani Y. Local regulatory effects of activin A and follistatin on meiotic maturation of rat oocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993;196:388–395
  113. Ikeda Y, Nagai A, Ikeda MA, Hayashi S. Neonatal estrogen exposure inhibits steroidogenesis in the developing rat ovary. Dev Dyn. 2001;221:443–453
  114. Forsberg JG. Treatment with different antiestrogens in the neonatal period and effects in the cervicovaginal epithelium and ovaries of adult mice: a comparison to estrogen-induced changes. Biol Reprod. 1985;32:427–441
  115. Iguchi T, Fukazawa Y, Uesugi Y, Takasugi N. Polyovular follicles in mouse ovaries exposed neonatally to diethylstilbestrol in vivo and in vitro. Biol Reprod. 1990;43:478–484
  116. Iguchi T, Takasugi N, Bern HA, Mills KT. Frequent occurrence of polyovular follicles in ovaries of mice exposed neonatally to diethylstilbestrol. Teratology. 1986;34:29–35
  117. Jefferson WN, Couse JF, Padilla-Banks E, Korach KS, Newbold RR. Neonatal exposure to genistein induces estrogen receptor (ER)alpha expression and multioocyte follicles in the maturing mouse ovary: evidence for ERbeta-mediated and nonestrogenic actions. Biol Reprod. 2002;67:1285–1296
  118. Herbst AL, Ulfelder H, Poskanzer DC. Adenocarcinoma of the vagina. Association of maternal stilbestrol therapy with tumor appearance in young women. N Engl J Med. 1971;284:878–881
  119. Li S, Hansman R, Newbold R, Davis B, McLachlan JA, Barrett JC. Neonatal diethylstilbestrol exposure induces persistent elevation of c-fos expression and hypomethylation in its exon-4 in mouse uterus. Mol Carcinog. 2003;38:78–84
  120. Newbold RR, Hanson RB, Jefferson WN. Ontogeny of lactoferrin in the developing mouse uterus: a marker of early hormone response. Biol Reprod. 1997;56:1147–1157
  121. Newbold RR, Bullock BC, McLachlan JA. Uterine adenocarcinoma in mice following developmental treatment with estrogens: a model for hormonal carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 1990;50:7677–7681
  122. Couse JF, Dixon D, Yates M, Moore AB, Ma L, Maas R, et al. Estrogen receptor-alpha knockout mice exhibit resistance to the developmental effects of neonatal diethylstilbestrol exposure on the female reproductive tract. Dev Biol. 2001;238:224–238
  123. Mendola P, Messer LC, Rappazzo R. Science linking environmental contaminant exposures with fertility and reproductive health impacts in the adult female. Fertil Steril. In press.
  124. Selevan SG, Rice DC, Hogan KA, Euling SY, Pfahles-Hutchens A, Bethel J. Blood lead concentration and delayed puberty in girls. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1527–1536
  125. Wu T, Buck GM, Mendola P. Blood lead levels and sexual maturation in U.S. girls: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111:737–741
  126. Denham M, Schell LM, Deane G, Gallo MV, Ravenscroft J, DeCaprio AP. Relationship of lead, mercury, mirex, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, hexachlorobenzene, and polychlorinated biphenyls to timing of menarche among Akwesasne Mohawk girls. Pediatrics. 2005;115:e127–e134
  127. Colon I, Caro D, Bourdony CJ, Rosario O. Identification of phthalate esters in the serum of young Puerto Rican girls with premature breast development. Environ Health Perspect. 2000;108:895–900
  128. Ouyang F, Perry MJ, Venners SA, Chen C, Wang B, Yang F, et al. Serum DDT, age at menarche, and abnormal menstrual cycle length. Occup Environ Med. 2005;62:878–884
  129. Krstevska-Konstantinova M, Charlier C, Craen M, Du Caju M, Heinrichs C, de Beaufort C, et al. Sexual precocity after immigration from developing countries to Belgium: evidence of previous exposure to organochlorine pesticides. Hum Reprod. 2001;16:1020–1026
  130. Tang N, Zhu ZQ. Adverse reproductive effects in female workers of lead battery plants. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2003;16:359–361
  131. Windham GC, Waller K, Anderson M, Fenster L, Mendola P, Swan S. Chlorination by-products in drinking water and menstrual cycle function. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111:935–941discussion A409
  132. Eskenazi B, Warner M, Mocarelli P, Samuels S, Needham LL, Patterson DG, et al. Serum dioxin concentrations and menstrual cycle characteristics. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156:383–392
  133. Farr SL, Cooper GS, Cai J, Savitz DA, Sandler DP. Pesticide use and menstrual cycle characteristics among premenopausal women in the Agricultural Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;160:1194–1204
  134. Cooper GS, Klebanoff MA, Promislow J, Brock JW, Longnecker MP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and menstrual cycle characteristics. Epidemiology. 2005;16:191–200
  135. Hsieh GY, Wang JD, Cheng TJ, Chen PC. Prolonged menstrual cycles in female workers exposed to ethylene glycol ethers in the semiconductor manufacturing industry. Occup Environ Med. 2005;62:510–516
  136. Wang X, Tian J. Health risks related to residential exposure to cadmium in Zhenhe County, China. Arch Environ Health. 2004;59:324–330
  137. Yu ML, Guo YL, Hsu CC, Rogan WJ. Menstruation and reproduction in women with polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) poisoning: long-term follow-up interviews of the women from the Taiwan Yucheng cohort. Int J Epidemiol. 2000;29:672–677
  138. Gerhard I, Frick A, Monga B, Runnebaum B. Pentachlorophenol exposure in women with gynecological and endocrine dysfunction. Environ Res. 1999;80:383–388
  139. Perry MJ, Ouyang F, Korrick SA, Venners SA, Chen C, Xu X, et al. A prospective study of serum DDT and progesterone and estrogen levels across the menstrual cycle in nulliparous women of reproductive age. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;164:1056–1064
  140. Windham GC, Lee D, Mitchell P, Anderson M, Petreas M, Lasley B. Exposure to organochlorine compounds and effects on ovarian function. Epidemiology. 2005;16:182–190
  141. Cobellis L, Latini G, De Felice C, Razzi S, Paris I, Ruggieri F, et al. High plasma concentrations of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate in women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod. 2003;18:1512–1515
  142. Reddy BS, Rozati R, Reddy BV, Raman NV. Association of phthalate esters with endometriosis in Indian women. BJOG. 2006;113:515–520
  143. Chang SH, Cheng BH, Lee SL, Chuang HY, Yang CY, Sung FC, et al. Low blood lead concentration in association with infertility in women. Environ Res. 2006;101:380–386
  144. Venners SA, Korrick S, Xu X, Chen C, Guang W, Huang A, et al. Preconception serum DDT and pregnancy loss: a prospective study using a biomarker of pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;162:709–716
  145. Longnecker MP, Klebanoff MA, Dunson DB, Guo X, Chen Z, Zhou H, et al. Maternal serum level of the DDT metabolite DDE in relation to fetal loss in previous pregnancies. Environ Res. 2005;97:127–133
  146. Korrick SA, Chen C, Damokosh AI, Ni J, Liu X, Cho SI, et al. Association of DDT with spontaneous abortion: a case–control study. Ann Epidemiol. 2001;11:491–496
  147. Greenlee AR, Arbuckle TE, Chyou PH. Risk factors for female infertility in an agricultural region. Epidemiology. 2003;14:429–436
  148. Abell A, Juul S, Bonde JP. Time to pregnancy among female greenhouse workers. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2000;26:131–136
  149. Curtis KM, Savitz DA, Weinberg CR, Arbuckle TE. The effect of pesticide exposure on time to pregnancy. Epidemiology. 1999;10:112–117
  150. Idrovo AJ, Sanin LH, Cole D, Chavarro J, Caceres H, Narvaez J, et al. Time to first pregnancy among women working in agricultural production. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2005;78:493–500
  151. Crisostomo L, Molina VV. Pregnancy outcomes among farming households of Nueva Ecija with conventional pesticide use versus integrated pest management. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2002;8:232–242
  152. Garry VF, Harkins M, Lyubimov A, Erickson L, Long L. Reproductive outcomes in the women of the Red River Valley of the north. I. The spouses of pesticide applicators: pregnancy loss, age at menarche, and exposures to pesticides. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2002;65:769–786
  153. Arbuckle TE, Savitz DA, Mery LS, Curtis KM. Exposure to phenoxy herbicides and the risk of spontaneous abortion. Epidemiology. 1999;10:752–760
  154. Arbuckle TE, Lin Z, Mery LS. An exploratory analysis of the effect of pesticide exposure on the risk of spontaneous abortion in an Ontario farm population. Environ Health Perspect. 2001;109:851–857
  155. Bindali BB, Kaliwal BB. Anti-implantation effect of a carbamate fungicide mancozeb in albino mice. Ind Health. 2002;40:191–197
  156. Greenlee AR, Ellis TM, Berg RL. Low-dose agrochemicals and lawn-care pesticides induce developmental toxicity in murine preimplantation embryos. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;112:703–709
  157. Plenge-Bonig A, Karmaus W. Exposure to toluene in the printing industry is associated with subfecundity in women but not in men. Occup Environ Med. 1999;56:443–448
  158. Wennborg H, Bodin L, Vainio H, Axelsson G. Solvent use and time to pregnancy among female personnel in biomedical laboratories in Sweden. Occup Environ Med. 2001;58:225–231
  159. Sallmen M, Baird DD, Hoppin JA, Blair A, Sandler DP. Fertility and exposure to solvents among families in the Agricultural Health Study. Occup Environ Med. 2006;63:469–475
  160. Sugiura-Ogasawara M, Ozaki Y, Sonta S, Makino T, Suzumori K. Exposure to bisphenol A is associated with recurrent miscarriage. Hum Reprod. 2005;20:2325–2329
  161. Susiarjo M, Hassold TJ, Freeman E, Hunt PA. Bisphenol A exposure in utero disrupts early oogenesis in the mouse. PLoS Genet. 2007;3:e5
  162. Hunt PA, Koehler KE, Susiarjo M, Hodges CA, Ilagan A, Voigt RC, et al. Bisphenol a exposure causes meiotic aneuploidy in the female mouse. Curr Biol. 2003;13:546–553
  163. Eskenazi B, Warner M, Marks AR, Samuels S, Gerthoux PM, Vercellini P, et al. Serum dioxin concentrations and age at menopause. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113:858–862
  164. Akkina J, Reif J, Keefe T, Bachand A. Age at natural menopause and exposure to organochlorine pesticides in Hispanic women. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2004;67:1407–1422
  165. Cooper GS, Savitz DA, Millikan R, Chiu Kit T. Organochlorine exposure and age at natural menopause. Epidemiology. 2002;13:729–733
  166. Farr SL, Cai J, Savitz DA, Sandler DP, Hoppin JA, Cooper GS. Pesticide exposure and timing of menopause: the Agricultural Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;163:731–742
  167. Taupeau C, Poupon J, Nome F, Lefevre B. Lead accumulation in the mouse ovary after treatment-induced follicular atresia. Reprod Toxicol. 2001;15:385–391
  168. Meirow D, Lewis H, Nugent D, Epstein M. Subclinical depletion of primordial follicular reserve in mice treated with cyclophosphamide: clinical importance and proposed accurate investigative tool. Hum Reprod. 1999;14:1903–1907
  169. Mayer LP, Pearsall NA, Christian PJ, Devine PJ, Payne CM, McCuskey MK, et al. Long-term effects of ovarian follicular depletion in rats by 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide. Reprod Toxicol. 2002;16:775–781
  170. Kao SW, Sipes IG, Hoyer PB. Early effects of ovotoxicity induced by 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide in rats and mice. Reprod Toxicol. 1999;13:67–75
  171. Borman SM, Christian PJ, Sipes IG, Hoyer PB. Ovotoxicity in female Fischer rats and B6 mice induced by low-dose exposure to three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: comparison through calculation of an ovotoxic index. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2000;167:191–198
  172. Bodensteiner KJ, Sawyer HR, Moeller CL, Kane CM, Pau KY, Klinefelter GR, et al. Chronic exposure to dibromoacetic acid, a water disinfection byproduct, diminishes primordial follicle populations in the rabbit. Toxicol Sci. 2004;80:83–91
  173. Baligar PN, Kaliwal BB. Induction of gonadal toxicity to female rats after chronic exposure to mancozeb. Ind Health. 2001;39:235–243
  174. Windham G, Fenster L. Environmental contaminants and pregnancy outcomes. Fertil Steril. In press.
  175. National Cancer Institute. Health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke: the report of the California Environmental Protection Agency, Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 10. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health; 1999;
  176. US Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke: a report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: USDHHS, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General; 2006;
  177. Bove F, Shim Y, Zeitz P. Drinking water contaminants and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a review. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110(Suppl 1):61–74
  178. Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Toledano MB, Eaton NE, Fawell J, Elliott P. Chlorination disinfection byproducts in water and their association with adverse reproductive outcomes: a review. Occup Environ Med. 2000;57:73–85
  179. Tardiff RG, Carson ML, Ginevan ME. Updated weight of evidence for an association between adverse reproductive and developmental effects and exposure to disinfection by-products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2006;45:185–205
  180. Al-Hiyasat AS, Darmani H, Elbetieha AM. Effects of bisphenol A on adult male mouse fertility. Eur J Oral Sci. 2002;110:163–167
  181. Sakaue M, Ohsako S, Ishimura R, Kurosawa S, Kurohmaru M, Hayashi Y, et al. Bisphenol-A affects spermatogenesis in the adult rat even at a low dose. J Occup Health. 2001;43:185–190
  182. Howdeshell KL, Hotchkiss AK, Thayer KA, Vandenbergh JG, vom Saal FS. Exposure to bisphenol A advances puberty. Nature. 1999;401:763–764
  183. Timms BG, Howdeshell KL, Barton L, Bradley S, Richter CA, vom Saal FS. Estrogenic chemicals in plastic and oral contraceptives disrupt development of the fetal mouse prostate and urethra. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:7014–7019
  184. Gupta C. Reproductive malformation of the male offspring following maternal exposure to estrogenic chemicals. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 2000;224:61–68
  185. Herath CB, Jin W, Watanabe G, Arai K, Suzuki AK, Taya K. Adverse effects of environmental toxicants, octylphenol and bisphenol A, on male reproductive functions in pubertal rats. Endocrine. 2004;25:163–172
  186. del Rio Gomez I, Marshall T, Tsai P, Shao YS, Guo YL. Number of boys born to men exposed to polychlorinated byphenyls. Lancet. 2002;360:143–144
  187. Sharara FI, Seifer DB, Flaws JA. Environmental toxicants and female reproduction. Fertil Steril. 1998;70:613–622
  188. Hruska KS, Furth PA, Seifer DB, Sharara FI, Flaws JA. Environmental factors in infertility. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2000;43:821–829
  189. In:  LaDou J editors. Occupational and environmental medicine. 3rd ed.. Stamford, CT: Lange Medical/McGraw Hill; 2004;
  190. Correa A, Gray RH, Cohen R, Rothman N, Shah F, Seacat H, et al. Ethylene glycol ethers and risks of spontaneous abortion and subfertility. Am J Epidemiol. 1996;143:707–717
  191. Eskenazi B, Gold EB, Samuels SJ, Wight S, Lasley BL, Hammond SK, et al. Prospective assessment of fecundability of female semiconductor workers. Am J Ind Med. 1995;28:817–831
  192. Fuortes L, Clark MK, Kirchner HL, Smith EM. Association between female infertility and agricultural work history. Am J Ind Med. 1997;31:445–451
  193. Schettler T, Solomon G, Valenti M, Huddle A. Generations at risk. Reproductive health and the environment. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1999;
  194. Oliva A, Spira A, Multigner L. Contribution of environmental factors to the risk of male infertility. Hum Reprod. 2001;16:1768–1776
  195. Swan SH, Kruse RL, Liu F, Barr DB, Drobnis EZ, Redmon JB, et al. Semen quality in relation to biomarkers of pesticide exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111:1478–1484
  196. Goldsmith JR. Dibromochloropropane: epidemiological findings and current questions. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997;837:300–306
  197. Savitz DA, Arbuckle T, Kaczor D, Curtis KM. Male pesticide exposure and pregnancy outcome. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146:1025–1036
  198. Recio R, Robbins WA, Borja-Aburto V, Moran-Martinez J, Froines JR, Hernandez RM, et al. Organophosphorous pesticide exposure increases the frequency of sperm sex null aneuploidy. Environ Health Perspect. 2001;109:1237–1240
  199. Sanchez-Pena LC, Reyes BE, Lopez-Carrillo L, Recio R, Moran-Martinez J, Cebrian ME, et al. Organophosphorous pesticide exposure alters sperm chromatin structure in Mexican agricultural workers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2004;196:108–113
  200. Garry VF, Holland SE, Erickson LL, Burroughs BL. Male reproductive hormones and thyroid function in pesticide applicators in the Red River Valley of Minnesota. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2003;66:965–986
  201. Garry VF, Schreinemachers D, Harkins ME, Griffith J. Pesticide appliers, biocides, and birth defects in rural Minnesota. Environ Health Perspect. 1996;104:394–399
  202. Laws SC, Ferrell JM, Stoker TE, Schmid J, Cooper RL. The effects of atrazine on female wistar rats: an evaluation of the protocol for assessing pubertal development and thyroid function. Toxicol Sci. 2000;58:366–376
  203. Monosson E, Kelce WR, Lambright C, Ostby J, Gray LE. Peripubertal exposure to the antiandrogenic fungicide, vinclozolin, delays puberty, inhibits the development of androgen-dependent tissues, and alters androgen receptor function in the male rat. Toxicol Ind Health. 1999;15:65–79
  204. Stoker TE, Guidici DL, Laws SC, Cooper RL. The effects of atrazine metabolites on puberty and thyroid function in the male Wistar rat. Toxicol Sci. 2002;67:198–206
  205. Kristensen P, Irgens LM, Andersen A, Bye AS, Sundheim L. Birth defects among offspring of Norwegian farmers, 1967–1991. Epidemiology. 1997;8:537–544
  206. Fisher JS. Environmental anti-androgens and male reproductive health: focus on phthalates and testicular dysgenesis syndrome. Reproduction. 2004;127:305–315
  207. Gray LE, Ostby J, Furr J, Wolf CJ, Lambright C, Parks L, et al. Effects of environmental antiandrogens on reproductive development in experimental animals. Hum Reprod Update. 2001;7:248–264
  208. Anway MD, Cupp AS, Uzumcu M, Skinner MK. Epigenetic transgenerational actions of endocrine disruptors and male fertility. Science. 2005;308:1466–1469
  209. Whyatt RM, Rauh V, Barr DB, Camann DE, Andrews HF, Garfinkel R, et al. Prenatal insecticide exposures and birth weight and length among an urban minority cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;112:1125–1132
  210. Perera FP, Rauh V, Tsai WY, Kinney P, Camann D, Barr D, et al. Effects of transplacental exposure to environmental pollutants on birth outcomes in a multiethnic population. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111:201–205
  211. Levario-Carrillo M, Amato D, Ostrosky-Wegman P, Gonzalez-Horta C, Corona Y, Sanin LH. Relation between pesticide exposure and intrauterine growth retardation. Chemosphere. 2004;55:1421–1427
  212. Duty SM, Silva MJ, Barr DB, Brock JW, Ryan L, Chen Z, et al. Phthalate exposure and human semen parameters. Epidemiology. 2003;14:269–277
  213. Lovekamp-Swan T, Davis BJ. Mechanisms of phthalate ester toxicity in the female reproductive system. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111:139–145
  214. Couse JF, Korach KS. Estrogen receptor-alpha mediates the detrimental effects of neonatal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure in the murine reproductive tract. Toxicology. 2004;205:55–63
  215. Gray LE, Ostby J, Furr J, Price M, Veeramachaneni DN, Parks L. Perinatal exposure to the phthalates di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, BBP, and DINP, but not DEP, DMP, or DOTP, alters sexual differentiation of the male rat. Toxicol Sci. 2000;58:350–365
  216. Svensson BG, Nise G, Erfurth EM, Nilsson A, Skerfving S. Hormone status in occupational toluene exposure. Am J Ind Med. 1992;22:99–107
  217. Winker R, Rudiger HW. Reproductive toxicology in occupational settings: an update. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2006;79:1–10
  218. Ichihara G. Neuro-reproductive toxicities of 1-bromopropane and 2-bromopropane. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2005;78:79–96
  219. Younglai EV, Holloway AC, Foster WG. Environmental and occupational factors affecting fertility and IVF success. Hum Reprod Update. 2005;11:43–57
  220. Sallmen M, Lindbohm ML, Kyyronen P, Nykyri E, Anttila A, Taskinen H, et al. Reduced fertility among women exposed to organic solvents. Am J Ind Med. 1995;27:699–713
  221. Beliles RP. Concordance across species in the reproductive and developmental toxicity of tetrachloroethylene. Toxicol Ind Health. 2002;18:91–106
  222. Eskenazi B, Wyrobek AJ, Fenster L, Katz DF, Sadler M, Lee J, et al. A study of the effect of perchloroethylene exposure on semen quality in dry cleaning workers. Am J Ind Med. 1991;20:575–591
  223. Kyyronen P, Taskinen H, Lindbohm ML, Hemminki K, Heinonen OP. Spontaneous abortions and congenital malformations among women exposed to tetrachloroethylene in dry cleaning. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1989;43:346–351
  224. Vine MF. Smoking and male reproduction: a review. Int J Androl. 1996;19:323–337
  225. US Department of Health and Human Seurvices. Women and smoking: a report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General; 2001;
  226. Jensen TK, Jorgensen N, Punab M, Haugen TB, Suominen J, Zilaitiene B, et al. Association of in utero exposure to maternal smoking with reduced semen quality and testis size in adulthood: a cross-sectional study of 1,770 young men from the general population in five European countries. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159:49–58
  227. Miller KP, Borgeest C, Greenfeld C, Tomic D, Flaws JA. In utero effects of chemicals on reproductive tissues in females. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2004;198:111–131
  228. Storgaard L, Bonde JP, Ernst E, Spano M, Andersen CY, Frydenberg M, et al. Does smoking during pregnancy affect sons' sperm counts?. Epidemiology. 2003;14:278–286
  229. Lau C, Butenhoff JL, Rogers JM. The developmental toxicity of perfluoroalkyl acids and their derivatives. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2004;198:231–241
  230. Butenhoff JL, Kennedy GL, Frame SR, O'Connor JC, York RG. The reproductive toxicology of ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO) in the rat. Toxicology. 2004;196:95–116
  231. Luebker DJ, Case MT, York RG, Moore JA, Hansen KJ, Butenhoff JL. Two-generation reproduction and cross-foster studies of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in rats. Toxicology. 2005;215:126–148
  232. Kuriyama SN, Talsness CE, Grote K, Chahoud I. Developmental exposure to low dose PBDE 99: effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113:149–154
  233. Sharpe RM, Fisher JS, Millar MM, Jobling S, Sumpter JP. Gestational and lactational exposure of rats to xenoestrogens results in reduced testicular size and sperm production. Environ Health Perspect. 1995;103:1136–1143
  234. Sweeney T, Nicol L, Roche JF, Brooks AN. Maternal exposure to octylphenol suppresses ovine fetal follicle-stimulating hormone secretion, testis size, and sertoli cell number. Endocrinology. 2000;141:2667–2673
  235. Bogh IB, Christensen P, Dantzer V, Groot M, Thofner IC, Rasmussen RK, et al. Endocrine disrupting compounds: effect of octylphenol on reproduction over three generations. Theriogenology. 2001;55:131–150
  236. Toft G, Hagmar L, Giwercman A, Bonde JP. Epidemiological evidence on reproductive effects of persistent organochlorines in humans. Reprod Toxicol. 2004;19:5–26
  237. Buck Louis GM, Weinter JM, Whitcomb BW, Sperrazza R, Schisterman EF, Lobdell DT, et al. Environmental polychlorinated biphenyl exposure and risk of endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2005;60:243–244
  238. Eskenazi B, Mocarelli P, Warner M, Samuels S, Vercellini P, Olive D, et al. Serum dioxin concentrations and endometriosis: a cohort study in Seveso, Italy. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110:629–634
  239. Rogan WJ, Chen A. Health risks and benefits of bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT). Lancet. 2005;366:763–773
  240. Hauser R, Chen Z, Pothier L, Ryan L, Altshul L. The relationship between human semen parameters and environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and p,p′-DDE. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111:1505–1511
  241. Den Hond E, Roels HA, Hoppenbrouwers K, Nawrot T, Thijs L, Vandermeulen C, et al. Sexual maturation in relation to polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons: Sharpe and Skakkebaek's hypothesis revisited. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110:771–776
  242. Axmon A. Menarche in women with high exposure to persistent organochlorine pollutants in utero and during childhood. Environ Res. 2006;102:77–82
  243. Wolf CJ, Ostby JS, Gray LE. Gestational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) severely alters reproductive function of female hamster offspring. Toxicol Sci. 1999;51:259–264
  244. Hosie S, Loff S, Witt K, Niessen K, Waag KL. Is there a correlation between organochlorine compounds and undescended testes?. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2000;10:304–309
  245. Hamm JT, Chen CY, Birnbaum LS. A mixture of dioxins, furans, and non-ortho PCBs based upon consensus toxic equivalency factors produces dioxin-like reproductive effects. Toxicol Sci. 2003;74:182–191
  246. Ryan JJ, Amirova Z, Carrier G. Sex ratios of children of Russian pesticide producers exposed to dioxin. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110:A699–A701
  247. Cohn BA, Cirillo PM, Wolff MS, Schwingl PJ, Cohen RD, Sholtz RI, et al. DDT and DDE exposure in mothers and time to pregnancy in daughters. Lancet. 2003;361:2205–2206
  248. In:  Klaassen CD editors. Casarett and Doull's toxicology: the basic science of poisons. 6th ed.. New York: McGraw Hill; 2001;
  249. Sallmen M, Anttila A, Lindbohm ML, Kyyronen P, Taskinen H, Hemminki K. Time to pregnancy among women occupationally exposed to lead. J Occup Environ Med. 1995;37:931–934
  250. Choy CM, Lam CW, Cheung LT, Briton-Jones CM, Cheung LP, Haines CJ. Infertility, blood mercury concentrations and dietary seafood consumption: a case–control study. BJOG. 2002;109:1121–1125
  251. Jurasovic J, Cvitkovic P, Pizent A, Colak B, Telisman S. Semen quality and reproductive endocrine function with regard to blood cadmium in Croatian male subjects. Biometals. 2004;17:735–743
  252. Bonde JP, Joffe M, Apostoli P, Dale A, Kiss P, Spano M, et al. Sperm count and chromatin structure in men exposed to inorganic lead: lowest adverse effect levels. Occup Environ Med. 2002;59:234–242
  253. Louis RH. Environmental Influences on female reproductive health. Presentation to the Association of Reproductive Health Professionals, 2005.
  254. CHE. CHE Toxicant and Disease Database. Collaborative on Health and the Environment. Available at: http://database.healthhandenvironment.org. Accessed 16 October 2007.

PII: S0015-0282(07)03766-1

doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.10.002

Fertility and Sterility
Volume 89, Issue 2 , Pages 281-300 , February 2008

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution