Fertility and Sterility
Volume 91, Issue 2 , Pages 522-527 , February 2009

The normal variabilities of the menstrual cycle

  • Laurence A. Cole, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Laurence A. Cole, Ph.D., The Howard and Friedman Distinguished Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 (FAX: 505-272-3903).
    • ,
  • Donald G. Ladner, M.D.
    • ,
  • Francis W. Byrn, M.D.

Received 26 June 2007 ,Revised 21 November 2007 ,Accepted 21 November 2007.

References 

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  2. Pratt JP. The normal menstrual cycle. Southern Med J. 1951;44:812–817
  3. Persky H. Excetion of luteinizing hormone (LH) by normal human subjects. J Albert Einstein Med Ctr. 1964;12:29–33
  4. Midgley AR, Jaffe RB. Human luteinizing hormone in serum during the menstrual cycle: determination by radioimmunoassay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1966;26:1375–1381
  5. Ross GT, Odell WD, Rayford PL. Luteinizing hormone activity in plasma during the menstrual cycle. Science. 1967;155:1679–1680
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  9. Harlow SD, Ephross SA. Epidemiology of menstruation and its relevance to women's health. Epidemiol Rev. 1995;17:265–286
  10. Lenton EA, Landgren BM, Sexton L. Normal variation in the length of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Br J Obstet Gynecol. 1984;91:685–689
  11. Lenton EA, Landgren BM, Sexton L, Harper R. Normal variation in the length of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Br J Obstet Gynecol. 1984;91:681–684
  12. Lenton EA, Lawrence GF, Coleman RA, Cooke ID. Individual variation in gonadotrophin and steroid concentrations and in the lengths of the follicular and luteal phases in women with regular menstrual cycles. Clin Reprod Fertil. 1983;2:143–150
  13. Wilcox AJ, Baird DD, Dunson D, McChesney R, Weinberg CR. Natural limits of pregnancy testing in relation to the expected menstrual period. J Am Med Assoc. 2001;286:1759–1761
  14. Wilcox AJ, Baird DD, Weinberg CR. Time of implantation of the conceptus and loss of pregnancy. New Engl J Med. 1999;340:1796–1799
  15. Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, Baird DD. Timing of sexual intercourse in relation to ovulation. Effects of the probability of conception, survival of the pregnancy, and sex of the baby. New Engl J Med. 1995;333:1517–1521
  16. Elliott MM, Kardana A, Lustbader JW, Cole LA. Carbohydrate and peptide structure of the α- and β-subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin from normal and aberrant pregnancy and choriocarcinoma. Endocrine. 1997;7:15–32
  17. Cole LA, Dai D, Leslie KK, Butler SA, Kohorn EI. Gestational trophoblastic diseases. 1. Pathophysiology of hyperglycosylated hCG-regulated neoplasia. Gynecol Oncol. 2006;102:144–149
  18. Sasaki Y, Ladner D, Cole LA. Hyperglycosylated hCG and the source of pregnancy failures. Fertil Steril. 6 August 2007;[E-pub ahead of print]
  19. Kovalevskaya G, Birken S, Kakuma T, Ozaki N, Sauer M, Lindheim S, et al. Differential expression of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) glycosylation isoforms in failing and continuing pregnancies: preliminary characterization of the hyperglycosylated hCG epitope. J Endocrinol. 2002;172:497–506
  20. Cole LA, Shahabi S, Oz UA, Bahado-Singh RO, Mahoney MJ. Hyperglycosylated hCG (invasive trophoblast antigen) immunoassay: a new basis for gestational down syndrome screening. Clin Chem. 1999;45:2109–2119
  21. Cho SI, Goldman MB, Ryan LM, Chen C, Damokosh AI, Christiani DC, et al. Reliability of serial urine hCG as a biomarker to detect early pregnancy loss. Hum Reprod. 2002;17:1060–1066
  22. O'Connor JF, Birken S, Lustbader TW, Krichevsky A, Chen Y, Canfield RE. Recent advances in the chemistry and immunochemistry of human chorionic gonadotropin: impact on clinical measurements. Endocrine Rev. 1994;15:650–682
  23. Kovalevskaya G, Kakuma T, Schlatterer J, O'Connor JF. Hyperglycosylated hCG expression in pregnancy: cellular origin and clinical application. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2007;260:237–243
  24. Baird DD, Weinberg CR, Wilcox AJ, McConnaughey DR, Musey PI. Using the ratio of urinary oestrogen and progesterone metabolites to estimate day of ovulation. Stat Med. 1991;10:255–266
  25. O'Connor KA, Brindle E, Miller RC, Shofer JB, Ferrel TJ, Klein NA, et al. Ovulation detection methods for urinary hormones: precision, daily and intermittent sampling and a combined hierachial method. Hum Reprod. 2006;21:1442–1452
  26. Cole LA, Khanlian SA, Sutton JM, Davies S, Stephens N. Hyperglycosylated hCG (invasive trophoblast antigen, ITA) a key antigen for early pregnancy detection. Clin Biochem. 2003;36:647–655
  27. Sutton-Riley JM, Khanlian SA, Byrn FW, Cole LA. A single serum test for measuring early pregnancy outcome with high predictive value. Clin Biochem. 2006;39:682–687

PII: S0015-0282(07)04138-6

doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.11.073

Fertility and Sterility
Volume 91, Issue 2 , Pages 522-527 , February 2009

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